In the 1800s, most large cities used call boxes for beat officers to communicate with headquarters. Before the telephone was invented in 1875, these boxes contained specialized telegraph equipment that notified the station of a crime. By 1880 most departments had replaced the telegraphs with telephones.

Britain implemented the first known three-digit emergency telephone system. Today, more than 200 countries and dependencies have universal three-digit emergency numbers.

The development of the APCO Ten Codes for police began in 1937 to reduce use of speech on the radio at a time when police radio channels were limited. Preceding each code with “ten-” gave the radio transmitter time to reach full power. An APCO Bulletin from January 1940 included a standardized set of ten codes. The Ten Codes (or Signals) were included in APCO Project 2 (1967) and revised in APCO Project 14 (1974).

Radio manufacturers were experimenting with two-way police radios prior to WWII, but then shifted to war production and perfected the functionality with extensive use by air and ground troops.

On March 16, 1964, 38 people heard the cries of 28-year-old Kitty Genovese as she was attacked and killed in New York City, but not a single witness called to report the incident. This case is often considered to be one of the driving forces for the 9-1-1 call system.

In June 1967, the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice issued a report recommending that a “single number should be established” nationwide for reporting emergency situations.

Later that year, the  Federal Communications Commission (FCC) met with the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T),  which at the time operated nearly all telephone connections in the U.S., to find a means to quickly implement a universal emergency number.

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The FCC recommended that the number be implemented nationwide.

In the early 70’s, AT&T began developing specialized 9-1-1 features, including selective routing, automatic location identification (ALI) and automatic number identification (ANI), which came to be known as enhanced 9-1-1.

By the end of 1976, 9-1-1 was serving about 17% of the U.S. population.

By 1987, 9-1-1 was available to about 50% of the U.S. population.

From the late 1990s to the present, the way people communicate changed dramatically, from wired telephones limited to homes and offices to multi-featured smartphones that take pictures and videos and allow people to send text messages as well as place calls. This created challenges for the industry since cell phones weren’t equipped with ANI and ALI like residential phones were.

President Clinton signed the Public Safety Act of 1999 that officially established 9-1-1 as the nation’s emergency calling number.

By the end of 1999, 9-1-1 services were available to 93% of the U.S. population.

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By 2014, about 70% of 9-1-1 calls came from cell phones, but locating wireless 9-1-1 callers, especially those inside buildings, continued to present a challenge. The FCC adopted new rules for improving location accuracy for wireless 9-1-1 calls that increased transparency and aimed at obtaining a “dispatchable location” for indoor 9-1-1 calls.

By 2017, some jurisdictions in nearly all states offered SMS-based text-to-911 messaging. In addition to serving as a vital tool for the deaf and hard of hearing community, text-to-911 from cell phones has become an important alternative for victims of domestic violence and suicidal persons who are not comfortable making a voice call to connect with public safety telecommunicators.

APCO published “Broadband Implications for the PSAP,” a Project 43 Initiative. The pornvpn免费下载 included in-depth findings and recommendations for the future in the areas of operations, governance, cybersecurity, technology, training and workforce.

Today, working as a public safety telecommunicator requires a completely different professional skillset than that required in the 1970s.
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The future holds great promise for public safety communications for communities and telecommunicators across the country to benefit from seamlessly interoperable Next Generation 9-1-1 services. Fully interconnected vehicle and patient sensors, cognitive systems in the PSAP, FirstNet-based broadband services to the responders, and the availability of almost any needed service at the touch of a button are possible.
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